Estudio epidemiológico global del síndrome de Down / Global epidemiological study of Down's syndrome

Introduction: In 1967, the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (LASCM) was created. Currently, 180 hospitals in 76 cities of 9 Latin American countries participate, accumulating data from over 4.5 M births. The Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile (HCUCH) entered the study in 1967, as did 12 other institutions later on. Objectives: Verify changes (increase) in frequency of Down's Syndrome (DS) in Chile and Latin America, and modification of frequency in those countries where elective abortion is permitted. Patients y Method: Three samples were evaluated: Births at HCUCH, active chilean hospitals and the 180 hospitals in 9 LA countries between 1972 and 2009. DS frequencies in Chile and other countries were compared through the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring System. Results: DS frequency at HCUCH increased significantly from 1.03 per thousand births in 1972 to 2.93 /oo births 2009. Frequencies in all chilean hospitals are fairly homogeneous, all higher than average for LASCM, which is 1.88 per thousand. The chilean average is 2.47/ºº por the period between 1998-2005, with a range of 1.88 at HCUCH to 2.86 at the Hospital of Curicó. In the rest of the world, the rate of DS per birth has diminished significantly, being the lowest in Iran (0.32/o<>) and Spain (0.6/oo live births). Conclusion: Rate of DS births are higher in Chile than LASCM average (2.47/o<>), with a trend to increase. This is true in Latin America, where the average for the period between 2001-2005 was 2.89 per thousand live births. In Europe and Asia, these rates have decreased to very low numbers, such as 0.32/o<> in Iran and 0.6/o<> in Spain.

Introducción: El ECLAMC (Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congenitas) fue creado en 1967. Actualmente, lo integran 180 hospitales de 76 ciudades de 9 países Latino Americanos y ha acumulado más de 4,5 millones de nacimientos. El Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile (HCUCH) ingresó en 1967 y después otros 12 establecimientos chilenos. Objetivos: Verificar si la frecuencia de síndrome de Down (SD) está aumentando en Chile y Latino América y como se ha visto modificada en los países en que está permitido el aborto electivo. Pacientes y Método: Se estudió 3 muestras: Todos los nacimientos del HCUCH desde 1972 a 2009; de los hospitales chilenos activos y de los 180 hospitales de 9 países Latinoamericanos. Se comparó las frecuencias de SD de Chile y del ECLAMC con otros países que participan en el Internacional Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring System. Resultados: La frecuencia del SD en el HCUCH aumentó significativamente de 1,03 por mil nacimientos en 1972 a 2,93 por mil en 2009. Las frecuencias en los hospitales chilenos son muy homogéneas, todas más altas que el promedio del ECLAMC: 1,88 por mil. El promedio chileno para el período 1998-2005 fue de 2,47 por mil. Con un rango de 1,88 por mil del HCUCH y 2,86 por mil del Hospital de Curicó. En el resto del mundo se ha asistido a una disminución significativa de las tasas de SD, siendo las más bajas la de Irán: 0,32 por mil y España 0,60 por mil nacimientos vivos. Conclusión: En Chile, las tasas de SD son mayores al promedio del ECLAMC 2,47 por mil existiendo una tendencia al aumento de ellas lo mismo que en Latino América, donde el promedio para el período 20012005 fue de 2,89 por mil. En Europa y Asia las tasas han disminuido a cifras extremas, Irán 0,32 por mil y España 0,60 por mil.

Luxación congénita de cadera: displasia evolutiva de la cadera (DEC) / Congenital dislocation of the hip: developmental displasia of the hip

The change of denomination of congenital hip luxation for evolutionary hip displasia is defined and explained, it incluyes luxation, subluxation and hip instability. The frequencies of this pathology in the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile is reported. The finds of significant major frequency in female newborn children, breech presentation and left hip are communicated. Thefamily base of this pathology is confirmed. The recommendations of the experts’ Committee of the American Academy of pediatrics and those of the health department of Chile are given. It is emphasized that the diagnosis must be as precocious as possible and that the best method of diagnosis is Ortolani’s or Barlow maneuver, done by a professional of experience. It is indicated the oportunity in which the ultrasound scan and the hip X-ray must be done, also the recommended treatment. The use of the double diaper is scorned and its possible sequels arecommented.

Material and human resources for neonatal resuscitation in public maternity hospitals in Brazilian state capitals / Recursos materiais e humanos para a reanimação neonatal nas maternidades públicas das capitais brasileiras

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In 2002, the early neonatal mortality rate in Brazil was 12.42 per thousand live births. Perinatal asphyxia was the greatest cause of neonatal death (about 23 percent). This study aimed to evaluate the availability of the resources required for neonatal resuscitation in delivery rooms of public hospitals in Brazilian state capitals. DESIGN AND SETTING: Multicenter cross-sectional study involving 36 hospitals in 20 Brazilian state capitals in June 2003. METHODS: Each Brazilian region was represented by 1-4 percent of its live births. A local coordinator collected data regarding physical infrastructure, supplies and professionals available for neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room. The information was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 10. RESULTS: Among the 36 hospitals, 89 percent were referral centers for high-risk pregnancies. Each institution had a monthly mean of 365 live births (3 percent < 1,500 g and 15 percent < 2,500 g). The 36 hospitals had 125 resuscitation tables (3-4 per hospital), all with overhead radiant heat, oxygen and vacuum sources. Appropriate equipment for pulmonary ventilation was available for more than 90 percent of the 125 resuscitation tables. On average, one pediatrician, three nurses and five nursing assistants per shift worked in the delivery rooms of each institution. Out of the 874 pediatricians and 1,037 nursing personnel that worked in the delivery rooms of the 36 hospitals, 94 percent and 22 percent, respectively, were trained in neonatal resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: The main public maternity hospitals in Brazilian state capitals have the resources to resuscitate neonates at birth.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Em 2002, a mortalidade neonatal precoce brasileira foi 12,42 para cada mil nascidos vivos e a asfixia perinatal foi responsável por 23 por cento dessas mortes. Este estudo visa avaliar a disponibilidade dos recursos necessários para a reanimação neonatal nas salas de parto de hospitais públicos brasileiros. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal multicêntrico de 36 maternidades, em 20 capitais brasileiras, em junho de 2003. MÉTODOS: As maternidades selecionadas em cada região brasileira representaram 1-4 por cento dos nascidos vivos da região. O coordenador local da pesquisa respondeu a um questionário estruturado com dados a respeito da estrutura física, os equipamentos e o pessoal disponível para a reanimação neonatal em cada maternidade. A análise descritiva foi feita por meio do programa Statistical Package for Social Science 10.0. RESULTADOS: 89 por cento das 36 maternidades eram referência para gestação de risco. Cada hospital tinha um número médio mensal de 365 nascimentos (3 por cento < 1.500 g e 15 por cento < 2.500 g). Os 36 hospitais tinham 125 mesas de reanimação (3-4/hospital), todas com calor radiante, fonte de oxigênio e vácuo. Equipamento adequado para ventilação pulmonar estava disponível em mais de 90 por cento das 125 mesas. Em média, um pediatra, três enfermeiras e cinco auxiliares de enfermagem trabalhavam por turno nas salas de parto de cada instituição. Dos 874 pediatras e 1.037 profissionais de enfermagem que atuavam nas salas de parto, 94 por cento e 22 por cento haviam recebido treinamento em reanimação neonatal respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: As maternidades públicas das capitais brasileiras apresentam salas de parto com infra-estrutura adequada para a reanimação neonatal.

Nacer en Chiloé: articulación de conocimientos para la atención del proceso reproductivo / To be born in Chiloé: bringing together systems of knowledge in reproductive care

En el Sistema Médico Tradicional de Chiloé, la gestación y el nacimiento se abordaban en forma natural, donde la mujer, familia y comunidad se involucraban activamente y este proceso destacaba por su carácter colectivo. Con la llegada del Sistema Médico Ofi cial a Chiloé, se implementa una modalidad de atención que hace perder la integralidad del parto y afecta el rol activo que la mujer tenía en él. Actualmente se busca volver a un enfoque integral de atención de la gestación y parto; desde el Estado se han impulsado programas que apuntan a ello, destacando en el último año las orientaciones del Sistema de Protección a la Infancia Chile Crece Contigo. Sin embargo, se hace necesario que estas orientaciones recojan las opiniones de las usuarias, sus parejas y familias y que al mismo tiempo tengan pertinencia cultural. El artículo recoge los principales resultados de una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa que con este objetivo se desarrolló desde el Servicio de Salud Chiloé durante los años 2007 y 2008, abordando los procesos de gestación y parto en la red de salud pública de la Provincia de Chiloé desde la mirada tanto de las usuarias de distintas generaciones y realidades socioculturales y económicas, como de profesionales y técnicos de salud y parteras tradicionales, rescatando los elementos con los que tanto el sistema biomédico como el tradicional pueden contribuir para una construcción conjunta y pertinente de la atención de la gestación y parto en Chiloé.

In Chiloé’s Traditional Medical System, pregnancy and birth were conceived as natural processes, where woman, family and community were actively involved in what was seen as a collective activity. On the other hand, the arrival of the Official Medical System on Chiloé has meant a loss of the inclusive nature of giving birth and the active role of the woman in it. At the present time, there is an attempt to bring back a more integrated form of care during pregnancy and birthing. The State has initiated programmes of this kind, notably during the last year, with guidelines promoted by the Sistema de Protección a la Infancia: Chile Crece Contigo (System of Infant Protection: Chile Grows with You). Nevertheless, these initiatives should incorporate the views of the beneficiary women, their partners, and families, and also ensure that they are culturally appropriate. This article presents the main results of a qualitative and quantitative research into local opinions about this issue, carried out in 2007-2008 in the public health networks of the Province of Chiloé by the Health Service of Chiloé. The research investigated the processes of pregnancy and birthing from the point of view of both consumers from different generations, sociocultural and socioeconomic strata, and healthcare professionals and traditional midwives. The research highlights elements likely to be considered both for the biomedical and the traditional systems, in order to contribute to a joint and appropriate care of pregnancy and childbirth in Chiloé.

Reasons for Zahedan's women for not referring to delivery ward for child delivery

Maternal and infantile mortality are important health indicators of every society due to pregnancy incidents. Maternal and infant mortality and also neonatal tetanus incidents have direct relation with delivery condition. Neonatal tetanus and mortality among mothers and newborns have direct relation with delivery in non-hygienic condition. Non-hygienic delivery rate is very high in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Even in the city of Zahedan with a population of 450000, where as access to maternity hospital is possible for all residents of this city, 50-60% deliveries take place at home. In this study, the reasons of women were investigated for not referring to maternity hospital for delivery. The method of research was case control. Case group was selected from those women whose last deliveries had not taken place in maternity hospital and referred to health centers to vaccinate their children [no. 482]. Control group was selected randomly among women who referred to hospital to give birth [no. 198]. Hospital's high fee [38%], easy delivery at home [19%], fear from cesarean and drugs adverse reaction [13%] were the most prevalent reason for not giving birth at hospital. Employment and literacy rates of those women who had given birth at home were lower than control group. They were mainly from Suni and Baluch ethnic. In order to minimize the cultural barriers of referring to maternal hospital, we advise the respectful officers, to make insurance public, lower the treatments fee, held training programs and provide hygienic conditions with low cost for out of hospital deliveries

Atresia esofágica y malformaciones asociadas / Esophageal atresia and associated malformations

Background: Survival of newborns with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula has increased in the last years. Aim: To assess the prevalence of esophageal atresia and describe associated malformations in Chilean newborns. Material and methods: All births occurring between January 1983 and June 1998 were studied. All malformed children were registered and the next non malformed born child was considered as control. Results: During the study period, 50,965 births occurred and 3,336 malformed children were born. Eighteen (3 stillborn) had esophageal atresia with a rate of 3,53 per 10,000 born alive. Overall survival was 73 percent. Survival among children classified in Waterson groups A and B was 100 percent and 50 percent among those classified in group C. Seventy two percent had associated malformations, being congenital cardiopathies and skeletal malformations the most frequent. VACTERL association was found in 44 percent of children. All stillborn children had other severe malformations. When compared to controls, malformed children had a lower weight, a lower gestational age, their mothers had a higher age, a higher frequency of relatives with malformations and a higher frequency of maternal diseases during the first trimester of pregnancy. Conclusions: The rate of esophageal atresia found in this study is similar to that reported in other Chilean obstetrical units as part of the Latin American Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC)

Malformaciones congénitas en gemelos / Congenital malformations in twins

Background: A higher prevalence of congenital malformations among twins than among single has been reported in the literature. Aim: To study the incidence of congenital malformations in twins in the maternity hospital of the University of Chile in the period 1983-1997. Material and methods: As part of the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations, every newborn in the maternity hospital was examined by a neonatologist and congenital malformations were recorded in a special file. Results: In the study period there were 48.663 deliveries of single pregnancies and 448 deliveries of twin pregnancies, giving birth to 886 twins borns alive and 17 stillbirths (1.9 percent mortality). Of these, there were 423 twins, 17 triplets, a sextuple delivery and two siamese. Seven point one percent of twins born alive and 6.5 percent of single newborns had a congenital malformation. The prevalence of malformations in twins and single stillbirths was 35.2 and 17.2 percent respectively (p <0.04). In four pairs and siamese newborns, malformations typical of monozygotic twins were present, such as an acardiac fetus with Trap sequence, a papyraceous fetus and two with hydroanencephaly. Twelve twins had malformations attributable to uterine compression. Conclusions: This study did not find a higher frequency of malformations comparing twins with single babies born alive, but in stillbirths there was a significant difference between single and twin stillbirths (7.1 percent versus 35.2 percent, respectively, p <0.05)

Perfil de la morbilidad del recién nacido en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile durante 1996 y 1997 / Morbility profile of the newborn in neonatology unit at Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile during 1996 and 1997

Se analizan los egresos y se presenta la morbilidad acaecida entre 1996 y 1997 en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. La mortalidad se analiza en publicación aparte. Sobre un universo de 4827 partos producen 1231 egresos. La principal causa de egreso es el sindrome ictérico (40,2 por ciento) seguidos por hipoglicemia (9,8 por ciento), prematurez (8,8 por ciento), sindrome de dificultad respiratoria (5,4), enfermedad hemolítica (5,1 por ciento), infecciones neonatales (4,8 por ciento). La infección grave está presente en el 7,3 por ciento de los neonatos. El promedio general de días de estada es de 6,6 días. El 62,7 por ciento corresponde a RN de mas de 3000g de peso que evolucionan con una estada de 2,9 días promedio en contraste con el 8 por ciento de niños de menos de 1500g que tienen un promedio de 42,2 días. Se hace necesario una clasificación diagnóstica que tenga aplicación clínica y que sea fácilmente comprensible y comparable a otras casuísticas

Malformaciones del aparato urinario en recién nacidos de la maternidad Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile / Urinary tract malformations in the department of obstetrics of the Universidad de Chile clinical hospital, in the period 1982-1997

Background: The prevalence of urinary malformations at birth is steadily increasing, probably due to the availability of better diagnostic techniques Aim: To assess the prevalence of renal agenesis, hidroureteronephrosis and polycystic kidney at birth in the obstetric wards of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital. Patients and methods: As a part of the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations, 54.039 consecutive births at the Maternity, between January 1982 and December 1997, were studied. Results: Eighty three newborns had urinary tract malformations (15.3/10000). Fourteen (2.6/10000) had renal agenesis, 34 (6.3/10000) had hidroureteronephrosis and 35 (6.5/10000) had polycystic kidney. Eleven percent of these children were stillbirths and 35 percent died in the first days of life. Fifty six percent were male, 34 percent female and 10 percent had ambiguous sex. Mean birth weight was 2750 g, mean gestational age was 35.4 weeks and mean maternal age was 28 years old. Twenty three percent of mothers had a history of previous abortions, 8 percent had a history of stillbirths and 10 percent a history of metrorrhagia during the first trimester of pregnancy. Twenty five percent of children had a relative with a malformation and 48 children had other associated malformations such as pulmonary hypoplasia, external malformations caused by extreme oligoamnios or internal malformations such as utereral, urinary bladder, uretral or external genitalia agenesis. Conclusions: The prevalence of urinary malformations in this hospital was higher than in other hospitals participating in the collaborative study. This difference could be due to an under registration of malformations in other hospitals

Defectos de la pared abdominal / Abdominal wall abnormalities

Se analizan 44.736 nacimientos consecutivos, atendidos en la maternidad del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, entre 1983 y 1995. La incidencia de Defectos de la Pared Abdominal fue de 4,24 por 10.000, siendo de 3,57 para Onfalocele y de 0,67 para gastrosquisis. La sobrevida fue de 66 por ciento para Onfalocele y de 100 por ciento para gastrosquisis; esta diferencia se debió a la mayor incidencia de malformacines incompatibles con la vida en la primera patología. Se concluye que los avances en las técnicas quirúrgicas, el mejor manejo del feto y recién nacido y el mejor diagnóstico prenatal han permitido una mejor sobrevida de estos pacientes. El tamaño y posición de los defectos de la pared anterior del abdómen, su contenido y asociación con otras anomalías son hechos que pueden ser diagnosticados in útero con ultrasonido y permiten hacer un diagnóstico diferencial prenatal, que es extremadamente importante para el manejo del paciente

La operación cesárea en un hospital tipo II: estudio descriptivo de 347 casos de operación cesárea en el Hospital de Constitución durante el año 1995 / The caesarean surgery at a type III hospital: descriptive study of 347 cases of caesarean surgery at Constitución hospital during year 1995

Se revisaron 347 casos registrado de pacientes en las que se practicó la operación cesárea en el Hospital de Constitución durante el año 1995. Se observó que un alto porcentaje de los casos recibió una indicación electiva para el procedimiento. De las cesáreas indicadas electivamente, en el 57 por ciento de los casos lo fueron por causa de cicatriz de cesárea anterior o diagnóstico de pelvis viciosa. En el caso de la indicación de urgencia la principal causa la constituyó el sufrimiento fetal agudo. El resultado desde el punto de vista del estado del RN fue satisfactorio, superando los promedios regionales de RN de agpar y peso adecuados

Indices biodemográficos en atención materno-infantil: realidad de Chile actual / Biodemographic curves in maternal-infants care: present Chilean reality

Se evaluan los índices biodemográficos principales en números absolutos en porcentaje y curvas en salud materno infantil en Chile, en los últimos 10 años. Se señalan sus progresos comparando con naciones de desarrollo similar y se destacan las causas que objetivan estos logros

Espátulas de Thierry: aplicación en primíparas con distocia de posición cefálica fetal: experiencia del servicio en 15 años / Thierry's spatulas: application in primiparas with dystocia of fetal cephalic position: service experience through 15 years

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en una población de 674 primíparas con posición cefálica fetal distócica resueltas instrumentalmente con espátulas de Thierry (ET) 348 pacientes y 326 con fórceps de Kjelland (FK). Se concluye que en aquellas sometidas a resolución con espátulas hay menor morbilidad materno-fetal que las resueltas con ramas de Fórceps, con significación estadística (p< 0,0001). Se recomienda el adiestramiento en su uso por parte de los médicos en formación en la especialidad